Manufacturing for the Masses

大众化的生产模式

（https://www.bitcongress.com/ICEI2015/ 4月18-20 报告摘要）

Dr. Adrian Bowyer

  3D printing is about thirty years old. It has three key characteristics: it is very slow, it is very easy to use, and - now that all the patents on it are expiring - it is also becoming very low cost. These characteristics are the fundamental ones needed for a distributed technology: a technology that it makes more sense for individuals and small groups to own than to gather together in big economies-of-scale factories.

    3D打印距今已有30年的历史，共有三个特征： 发展比较慢， 但容易使用，更重要的是所有专利已经过期。 因此生产成本变得非常低了。这些特征是对一项技术大众化推广的最基本要求，相比于传统型集中大规模生产，这个技术更有利于针对个人或者小公司使用。

    The RepRap Project is the main reason for the falling costs of 3D printing. But it was not primarily established as a 3D-printing project. It was established to make a useful self-replicating machine. 3D printing was merely the most appropriate technology to use for self-replication.

    RepRap 项目是针对低成本3D打印生产应运而生的。 但早期不是针对3D打印这个目的的， 而是希望变成一个自我复制机器的项目。 3D打印技术在此种意义上而言， 是最符合自我复制的技术。

    After the fundamental forces of physics, self-replication is the most powerful phenomenon in the Universe. It has transformed this entire planet, which has consequently been knee-deep in self-replicating machines for the last three and a half billion years. (Indeed, your very knees are made out of self-replicating machines.) Driven by the inexorable operation of Darwin's Law, self-replication is also the most efficient method of production that we know.

    在宇宙空间内， 除了物理学的基本力学定律外， 自我复制是最强大的现象。 这个现象已经改变了整个星球， 在过去的35亿年里， 整个星球都充满了自我复制机理。 在达尔文定律的残酷驱动下， 自我复制是据人类而言最有效的的生产方式。

    This talk will be about the introduction of open-source self-replicating 3D printers as a primary means of engineering production, and the possible social and economic consequences of that in the distribution of production away from centralised facilities owned by the few towards mass ownership by small groups and by individuals.

    我的报告将介绍开源3D打印机作为工程生产中的在自我复制手段。 通过群众化的个体， 小公司掌握该技术用于生产，从而改变被少数人操控的集中生产模式， 因此而造成的社会， 经济方面的影响。

（注：这个摘要仅仅是介绍报告所涉及的范畴，详细内容需要到会场听报告和随后的探讨会， 更多关于RepRap和Adiran Bowyer 博士的介绍请参考 https://www.reprap.org/wiki/RepRap/zh_cn 和 https://adrianbowyer.net/）


Dr Adrian Bowyer 简历
BSc(Eng) PhD CEng CMath CITP ACGI MBCS FIMA FRSA



    Dr Bowyer did a first degree in mechanical engineering at Imperial College in 1973, and then did a PhD in tribology there.
    In 1977 he moved to Bath University's Department of Mathematical Sciences to do research in stochastic computational geometry.
    He then spent several years as the head of Bath's Microprocessor Unit in what is now Bath University Computing Services.
    In 1984 he took up a lectureship in manufacturing in Bath's Department of Mechanical Engineering and was subsequently promoted to senior lecturer. He retired in 2012 to concentrate on the RepRap Project and his company RepRapPro Ltd. His main areas of research are geometric modelling and geometric computing in general (he is one of the creators of the Bowyer-Watson algorithm for Voronoi diagrams), the application of computers to manufacturing, and the engineering use of biology, called Biomimetics. In Biomimetics he work on self-copying and self-assembly in engineering.
    He is the originator of the worldwide RepRap Project - a project that has created humanity's first general purpose self-replicating manufacturing machine. He is also a founder and director of RepRapPro Ltd - a company formed to sell RepRap kits and RepRap-related products and services.
    He has more than 90 peer-reviewed papers and been invited to give talking, interview, presentation in the field of 3D printing. He gained a well-known honour as the only founder of RepRap which become the most widely-used 3D printer among the global members of the Maker Community.

Adrian Bowyer 博士是RepRap-快速复制原型理念的创立者。RepRap是最早出现的低成本3D打印机。Adrian的研究掀起了开源3D打印机的一场革命。Adrian于1952年出生在伦敦，1973年毕业于伦敦帝国理工学院机械系，并在此获得摩擦学博士学位。1977年在巴斯大学数学系从事随机计算几何研究，是微处理器中心的负责人， 此中心后来转化成巴斯大学计算机服务中心，1984年开始任职于巴斯大学机械系的讲师，随后升为高级讲师。2012年，从大学离职专心致力于RepRap方面的发展并成立了RepRapPro公司。Adrian主要研究领域是几何造型，几何运算，应用计算机到实际工业生产，以及把生物学概念用在工程领域中，是Bowyer-Watson沃罗诺伊图算法的创建人。Adrian作为3D打印领域中广泛使用的RepRap机型唯一创建人， 近年来被欧美知名高校， 国际会议， 著名媒体邀请做有关3D打印的演讲，报告和专题讨论。

( Personal website: https://adrianbowyer.net/ )

原文来源于：西安锐普3D打印机有限公司  www.reprappro.com.cn
微信平台：ruipu3d      新浪微博：锐普3D
3D打印机技术交流群：325384331

Manufacturing for the Masses

大众化的生产模式

（https://www.bitcongress.com/ICEI2015/ 4月18-20 报告摘要）

Dr. Adrian Bowyer

  3D printing is about thirty years old. It has three key characteristics: it is very slow, it is very easy to use, and - now that all the patents on it are expiring - it is also becoming very low cost. These characteristics are the fundamental ones needed for a distributed technology: a technology that it makes more sense for individuals and small groups to own than to gather together in big economies-of-scale factories.

    3D打印距今已有30年的历史，共有三个特征： 发展比较慢， 但容易使用，更重要的是所有专利已经过期。 因此生产成本变得非常低了。这些特征是对一项技术大众化推广的最基本要求，相比于传统型集中大规模生产，这个技术更有利于针对个人或者小公司使用。

    The RepRap Project is the main reason for the falling costs of 3D printing. But it was not primarily established as a 3D-printing project. It was established to make a useful self-replicating machine. 3D printing was merely the most appropriate technology to use for self-replication.

    RepRap 项目是针对低成本3D打印生产应运而生的。 但早期不是针对3D打印这个目的的， 而是希望变成一个自我复制机器的项目。 3D打印技术在此种意义上而言， 是最符合自我复制的技术。

    After the fundamental forces of physics, self-replication is the most powerful phenomenon in the Universe. It has transformed this entire planet, which has consequently been knee-deep in self-replicating machines for the last three and a half billion years. (Indeed, your very knees are made out of self-replicating machines.) Driven by the inexorable operation of Darwin's Law, self-replication is also the most efficient method of production that we know.

    在宇宙空间内， 除了物理学的基本力学定律外， 自我复制是最强大的现象。 这个现象已经改变了整个星球， 在过去的35亿年里， 整个星球都充满了自我复制机理。 在达尔文定律的残酷驱动下， 自我复制是据人类而言最有效的的生产方式。

    This talk will be about the introduction of open-source self-replicating 3D printers as a primary means of engineering production, and the possible social and economic consequences of that in the distribution of production away from centralised facilities owned by the few towards mass ownership by small groups and by individuals.

    我的报告将介绍开源3D打印机作为工程生产中的在自我复制手段。 通过群众化的个体， 小公司掌握该技术用于生产，从而改变被少数人操控的集中生产模式， 因此而造成的社会， 经济方面的影响。

（注：这个摘要仅仅是介绍报告所涉及的范畴，详细内容需要到会场听报告和随后的探讨会， 更多关于RepRap和Adiran Bowyer 博士的介绍请参考 https://www.reprap.org/wiki/RepRap/zh_cn 和 https://adrianbowyer.net/）


Dr Adrian Bowyer 简历
BSc(Eng) PhD CEng CMath CITP ACGI MBCS FIMA FRSA



    Dr Bowyer did a first degree in mechanical engineering at Imperial College in 1973, and then did a PhD in tribology there.
    In 1977 he moved to Bath University's Department of Mathematical Sciences to do research in stochastic computational geometry.
    He then spent several years as the head of Bath's Microprocessor Unit in what is now Bath University Computing Services.
    In 1984 he took up a lectureship in manufacturing in Bath's Department of Mechanical Engineering and was subsequently promoted to senior lecturer. He retired in 2012 to concentrate on the RepRap Project and his company RepRapPro Ltd. His main areas of research are geometric modelling and geometric computing in general (he is one of the creators of the Bowyer-Watson algorithm for Voronoi diagrams), the application of computers to manufacturing, and the engineering use of biology, called Biomimetics. In Biomimetics he work on self-copying and self-assembly in engineering.
    He is the originator of the worldwide RepRap Project - a project that has created humanity's first general purpose self-replicating manufacturing machine. He is also a founder and director of RepRapPro Ltd - a company formed to sell RepRap kits and RepRap-related products and services.
    He has more than 90 peer-reviewed papers and been invited to give talking, interview, presentation in the field of 3D printing. He gained a well-known honour as the only founder of RepRap which become the most widely-used 3D printer among the global members of the Maker Community.

Adrian Bowyer 博士是RepRap-快速复制原型理念的创立者。RepRap是最早出现的低成本3D打印机。Adrian的研究掀起了开源3D打印机的一场革命。Adrian于1952年出生在伦敦，1973年毕业于伦敦帝国理工学院机械系，并在此获得摩擦学博士学位。1977年在巴斯大学数学系从事随机计算几何研究，是微处理器中心的负责人， 此中心后来转化成巴斯大学计算机服务中心，1984年开始任职于巴斯大学机械系的讲师，随后升为高级讲师。2012年，从大学离职专心致力于RepRap方面的发展并成立了RepRapPro公司。Adrian主要研究领域是几何造型，几何运算，应用计算机到实际工业生产，以及把生物学概念用在工程领域中，是Bowyer-Watson沃罗诺伊图算法的创建人。Adrian作为3D打印领域中广泛使用的RepRap机型唯一创建人， 近年来被欧美知名高校， 国际会议， 著名媒体邀请做有关3D打印的演讲，报告和专题讨论。

( Personal website: https://adrianbowyer.net/ )

原文来源于：西安锐普3D打印机有限公司  www.reprappro.com.cn
微信平台：ruipu3d      新浪微博：锐普3D
3D打印机技术交流群：325384331